The Evolving Roles of Women in the Economies of Greece and Italy Essays

The Evolving Roles of Women in the Economies of Greece and Italy The role of women in Greek and Italian culture has come a long way since the ancient days. In patriarchal societies, women were restricted to household chores, and were allowed little to no involvement in politics or economic matters. Since these times, major cultural shifts in each of the countries have helped lead the nations to a more western perception of sex roles in their cultures. In the following paragraphs, we will see how historical events have shaped the roles of women in Greek and Italian culture into their present form. Women in Greece Creation Myth To set the tone for how women were perceived in ancient Greece, we first turn to the Greek myth of women's creation. In 700 BC, the historian Hesiod wrote his account of their creation is his Theogony. He writes that women were created as a punishment for men when they first acquired fire. The craftsman god Hephaestus molded the image of a Virgin, Athena dressed her up and they presented the "lovely curse" to the men, for whom she became a hopeless, deadly trap (Blundell). Hesiod goes on to describe women as deceptive creatures, never easing the pains of man's poverty, but always eager to share in his wealth. Hesiod further illustrates these traits in the description of the first woman, Pandora. Opening her jar of curses, she changed the lives of all men, who once lived in an Eden-like world. Women are seen from then on as sort of gift-curse, whose acceptance into society is essential to its continuation, but inevitably brings trouble (Blundell). Transition Periods: Archaic Age: 750-500 BC. Tracing back to the archaic age, we find the sources of women's oppression in Ancient... ...tute of Japanese Studies.? Economic & Social Data Rankings/Greece? <http://web.hhs.se/personal/suzuki/o-English/Greece.html> EIJS.? European Institute of Japanese Studies.? Economic & Social Data Rankings/Greece? <http://web.hhs.se/personal/suzuki/o-English/Italy.html> Fantham. Women in the Classical World.? Oxford University Press, New York 1994.IPC.? Interactive Population Center.? Recognizing and Promoting Women?s Key Economic Roles.? <http://www.unfpa.org/intercenter/role4men/recognize.htm> Vivante.? Women?s Roles in Ancient Civilizations.? Greenwood Press, Westport 1999. MacAlister, Elliott. Women?s Roles in the Fisheries. ?? 1997 Zhao, Megan.? Women in the Renaissance ??<http://info-center.ccit.arizona.edu/~ws/ws200/fall97/grp13/part3.htm> 1997 The Evolving Roles of Women in the Economies of Greece and Italy Essays The Evolving Roles of Women in the Economies of Greece and Italy The role of women in Greek and Italian culture has come a long way since the ancient days. In patriarchal societies, women were restricted to household chores, and were allowed little to no involvement in politics or economic matters. Since these times, major cultural shifts in each of the countries have helped lead the nations to a more western perception of sex roles in their cultures. In the following paragraphs, we will see how historical events have shaped the roles of women in Greek and Italian culture into their present form. Women in Greece Creation Myth To set the tone for how women were perceived in ancient Greece, we first turn to the Greek myth of women's creation. In 700 BC, the historian Hesiod wrote his account of their creation is his Theogony. He writes that women were created as a punishment for men when they first acquired fire. The craftsman god Hephaestus molded the image of a Virgin, Athena dressed her up and they presented the "lovely curse" to the men, for whom she became a hopeless, deadly trap (Blundell). Hesiod goes on to describe women as deceptive creatures, never easing the pains of man's poverty, but always eager to share in his wealth. Hesiod further illustrates these traits in the description of the first woman, Pandora. Opening her jar of curses, she changed the lives of all men, who once lived in an Eden-like world. Women are seen from then on as sort of gift-curse, whose acceptance into society is essential to its continuation, but inevitably brings trouble (Blundell). Transition Periods: Archaic Age: 750-500 BC. Tracing back to the archaic age, we find the sources of women's oppression in Ancient... ...tute of Japanese Studies.? Economic & Social Data Rankings/Greece? <http://web.hhs.se/personal/suzuki/o-English/Greece.html> EIJS.? European Institute of Japanese Studies.? Economic & Social Data Rankings/Greece? <http://web.hhs.se/personal/suzuki/o-English/Italy.html> Fantham. Women in the Classical World.? Oxford University Press, New York 1994.IPC.? Interactive Population Center.? Recognizing and Promoting Women?s Key Economic Roles.? <http://www.unfpa.org/intercenter/role4men/recognize.htm> Vivante.? Women?s Roles in Ancient Civilizations.? Greenwood Press, Westport 1999. MacAlister, Elliott. Women?s Roles in the Fisheries. ?? 1997 Zhao, Megan.? Women in the Renaissance ??<http://info-center.ccit.arizona.edu/~ws/ws200/fall97/grp13/part3.htm> 1997

Alzheimer’s disease and dementia

Alzheimer disease, the most common cause of old-age-associated dementia, accounts for over 50% of the dementias seen in the general adult population. Current projections indicate that over 4 million Americans will be suffering from various stages of the disease. Clinically, Alzheimer disease is characterized by a progressive deterioration of cognitive and physical status that sometimes begins during middle age (presenile dementia) but more typically has onset late in life (senile dementia), with considerable variability in behavioral manifestation.Diagnosis of Alzheimer disease requires both the presence of dementia and a characteristic pattern of neuropathology, including the presence of gross atrophy. The earliest stage of Alzheimer disease can generally be characterized by mild memory disturbances. This phase may be followed by one or more of a combination of agnosia, aphsia, and apraxia. Alzheimer’s disease and dementia Dementia is a gradual deterioration of mental functio ning affecting all areas of cognition, including, judgment, language, and memory. An irreversible, progressive condition in which nerve cells in the brain degenerate, and the size of the brain decreases.Dementia generally occurs in the elderly, although it can appear at any age. Several substantial studies have been done to determine its prevalence, and in 1991 a major study was conducted which found that dementia occurred in just over 1 percent in ages 75 to 84; and more than doubling to 10. 14 percent in persons 85 and over. Other studies have concluded that many as 47 percent of people over 85 suffer from some form of dementia. Prevalence rates tend to be comparable between the sexes and across socio cultural barriers, such as education and class.It is also worth nothing that, despite what is often commonly thought, dementia is not an inevitable consequence of aging. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common degenerative brain disorder, although onset of the disease is rare b efore the age of 60. After that age, the incidences of Alzheimer’s disease increases steadily, and than one-quarter of all individuals above the age of 85 have this disease. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease is the cause of about three-quarter of all cases of dementia in individuals above the age of 65. Researchers have identified many types of dementia.Including dementia resulting from Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, substance induced dementia, dementia due to other general medical conditions, and dementia not other wise specified. More than half of the persons diagnosed with dementia are classified as having dementia resulting from Alzheimer’s disease. This type of dementia occurs in more than half of dementia cases in the United States. There is no definitive method in diagnosing this kind of dementia until after the patient’s death and an autopsy can be performed on the brain. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and DementiaGenerally speaking, dementia has a gradual onset and can take different routes in different people. All sufferers, however, are eventually impaired in all of cognition. Initially, dementia can appear in memory loss, which may result in being able to vividly remember events from many years past while not being able to remember events of the very recent past. Other symptoms of dementia are agnosia, which is the technical term for not being able to recognize familiar objects, facial agnosia, the inability to recognize familiar faces, and Visio spatial impairment, the inability to locate familiar places.Along with cognitive deterioration, sufferers of dementia often experience related emotional disorders as they recognize their deterioration and experience anxiety about its continuation and worsening. Typical among reactions are depression, anxiety, aggression, and apathy. Psychologists are uncertain to what extent these symptoms are direct results of dementia or simply responses to its devastati on. Dementia progressively deteriorates the brain and eventually sufferers are completely unable to care for themselves and, ultimately, the disease results in death.Causes of the Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia The cause of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia is not known, but several theories of causality have been advanced. These theories propose genetic, environmental, viral, immunological, biochemical, and other causes for the disease. The specific features of disease vary from individual to individual, but the general course of the disease is fairly consistent in most cases. The symptoms of the disease tend to be more severe at night. The first stage of disease is usually forgetfulness, accompanied by some anxiety and mild depression.This usually develops into a more serious loss of memory, especially of recent events, moderate spatial and temporal disorientation, loss of ability to concentrate, aphasia, and increased anxiety. This set of symptoms is usually follow ed by profound spatial and temporal disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, incontinence, general physical decline, and death. Alzheimer’s disease and memory drugs Since there are many possible reasons for dementia-like attributes, it is important to see a neurologist.A neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the brain and the disorders affect the brain. Neurologists often specialize in a particular brain disorders that affect the brain. Neurologists often specialize in a particular brain disorder. For instance, one neurologist may treat primarily patients who have had a stroke (temporary or permanent loss of some body functioning), While other neurologists may treat primarily Alzheimer’s patients. Therefore, choosing an appropriate neurologist is one of the first steps in determining the correct diagnosis. History of Alzheimer’s diseaseA German neuropathologist and psychiatrist named Alois Alzheimer studied a 51-year old female patient with severe dementia. The woman started experiencing symptoms five years earlier, such as memory loss and trouble reading and writing. She rapidly declined to hallucinations and was unable to take care of herself. When Dr. Alzheimer’s patient died, he was able to study her brain at autopsy. Alzheimer noted that the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for numerous functions such as movement, perception, memory, and speaking, was thinner than normal and had severe atrophy.He also noted two other abnormalities. The first was â€Å"senile plaque† (now know as neuritic plaque) that had earlier been seen in the brains of the elderly. Second, there were neurofibrillary tangles within the cortex that has not been previously described. These hallmarks, for which Alzheimer coined the term presenile dementia, are now known as Alzheimer’s disease. Interestingly, to this day, the only way to definitively know that a person has AD is at autopsy. The impact of Alzhe imer’s Alzheimer’s disease not only affects the patients but also the patients but also the patient’s family.Almost one out of three household in the United States is affected by AD. A little over half of the care provided to AD patients is at home; some estimates place the care at home closer to 75%. The combination of healthcare expenses and the loss of income of both the patient and the caregiver are approaching $100 billion nationwide. The average cost per patient from the onset of symptoms is about $ 174,000. Over half of the nursing residents in the United States have AD or some other form of dementia.The annual cost of caring for an AD patient ranges from $18,400 for mild symptoms to $ 36,132 for those with advanced symptoms. In addition, the average cost of nursing home care is almost $58,000 a year. Medicare and most health insurance plans do not cover the care of an AD patient since it is considered â€Å"custodial care†. Caregivers are a subset of the Alzheimer’s picture that is often overlooked. Stress and depression are reported frequently among caregivers: depression affects approximately 50% of caregivers, with stress occurring in at least 80%.Not surprisingly, the emotional, financial, and sometimes physical burden of witnessing a loved one decline mentally and physically is often overwhelming. Support and hope There are several organizations dedicated to educating patients, families, and caregivers about Alzheimer’s, providing helpful insights into where to go for help and support. Researchers have been studying the AD brain with all its complexities, since Alois Alzheimer presented his patient in 1907. Science is now closer to finding some answers about what may cause AD, and therefore gaining momentum on what may prevent or treat the disease.

The Degenerate Art Movement - 1154 Words

Im going to be explaining 3 glass stores that Ive grow up with; I have many experiences with all of the stores, some I visit still while some have been just a few visits left for the past. They all are targeting the same consumers just all on different levels of the same market segment. All of the shops target people who buy glass whether they be glass pipes, glass marbles, glass sculptures, as well custom metal jewelry in some. The Degenerate art movement has recently taken major interest from many; recently a huge spike in new collectors, artists, as well many new galleries and stores. The Degenerate Art Movement I am talking about is basically the glass blowers out there who are going against the social norms. They are artists that are taking a medium used for art, and a medium that has been used to make pipes and bongs and fuse the 2 ideas of art and pipes or water pipes into one. They are using glass pipes as the way to portray their talent. To some they laugh at the fact, but w hat they dont know is that there are water pipes out there selling for anywhere from $1,000 all the way up to $30,000. To some they are recognized as modern day living Picasso’s, and others just dirty hippies making money off a drug culture. These artists dont just make pipes though; they make things such as glass marbles where beautiful images and mind-bending ideas are encased for one to view and enjoy forever. They make amazing things like cups and plates to eat off of. Ive seen someShow MoreRelatedMovements in Art Report Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pages Degenerate art is not bad art; it was just labeled that by the German government. In 1937, an exhibition of over six hundred works labeled Degenerate Art opened in Munich, Germany, right next door to an exhibit of its opposite, Great German Art. The purpose of Degenerate Art was to showcase art with subjects and styles that disobeyed Adolf Hitler’s standards of art, which targeted most modern, avant-garde art that s eemingly attacked the purity of the German people. Hitler understood that art wasRead MoreThe Ultimate Aryan Race from the Nazis883 Words   |  4 Pagesthey did not obide German policy, they were classified as degenerate and were banned from the ever-expanding Aryan Race. The lengths to which the national socialists went to, to degrade these artists, was unimaginable. They labeled proclaimed artworks as degenerate and stuck them into an exhibition (Entarte Kunst) to display for the german people what was now considered un-German (Barron 2). Understanding the definition of Degenerate Art is critical, in order for us to determine why â€Å"Gino Severini’sRead MoreThe Disenchantment and Rebirth of Western Society According to Nietzsche and Kandinsky1669 Words   |  7 PagesFrom 1870 to 1920 several intellectuals came into prominence and formed critiques on the ways western society was conducting itself. Leading this group of intellectuals was Friedrich Nietzsche. In Niet zsche’s views he felt society had become degenerate and insipid. With the lack of modern myth there was nothing for society to live for and would soon collapse on itself. Thus, Nietzsche felt western culture was disenchanted. However, Nietzsche saw a glimmer of hope with German music that was beingRead MorePablo Picassos Cubism And Henri Matisse Fauvism1845 Words   |  8 PagesArt before the 20th century consisted of new styles and three-dimensional spectrums to create the most realistic painting possible. Portraits and landscapes were presented as sort of photographs with a paint brush. Everything required specific fundamentals and anything different would be rejected and labeled degenerate. During this time, foundations were put to the test and it was completely disordered by revolutionary ideas and styles. This art influenced a vast majority of modern day art. PabloRead MoreUsing Art For A Message2077 Words   |  9 Pages2016 Using Art to Send a Message For centuries people have used art as a way to express the political views, or used artistic movements to express certain ideals. This can be seen in the idealized art of the Ancient Greeks, who strived to perfect the balance between man and nature, and portray harmony, balance, and democracy. In Nazi Germany, Hitler showcased art that was â€Å"un-German,† anything reflecting Jewish or communist ideology, was displayed in the Degenerate art show. This movement was usedRead MoreMusicians and Composers of World War II Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesvery much liked by Hitler (â€Å"Nazi Approved Music†). Wagner wrote a booklet called â€Å"Das Judebthum in die Musik† translated: Judaism in Music. It talks about his feeling towards Jewish people, and how he believes that they ruin the arts to everyone in the public (â€Å"‘Degenerate’ Music†). The Nazis seemed to have lost the true meaning of music and made other lose it as well. Hans Pfitzner said that the best thing about Wagner’s music was that it was German; Gustav Mhaler responded saying, â€Å"All great artistsRead MoreEssay on The Forms of Propaganda Used by the State in Nazi Germany973 Words   |  4 Pagesincrease peoples loyalty to the party. The most dramatic of these rallies were those held for a week in August at Nuremberg. Each year hundreds of thousands of people came together to witness parades and displays in four huge arenas. Art, music, pageantry and oratory were all combined on a massive scale. In the time between rallies, local SA or Hitler youth groups campaigned to raise funds for the Party. The most frequent campaigns were for one pot Sundays, when familiesRead More Edvard Munch: A Biography Essay examples709 Words   |  3 Pages Edvard Munch: A Biography Edvard Munch is regarded as a pioneer in the Expressionist movement in modern painting. At an early stage Munch was recognized in Germany and central Europe as one of the creators of a new movement in art. Munch and many artists of the time needed to express their feelings about all the change that was happening around. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Edvard Munch was born in Norway in 1863; he knew how a persons emotional pain feels. He was the son of an Army Medical CorpRead MoreThe Importance Of Art And Its Impact On Society2506 Words   |  11 Pages Throughout history, one of the most expressive mediums through which humans can convey their thoughts is via art. Whether it is through sculpture, painting, or a print, an artist is capable of making a political statement or endorsing an idea simply by subtly alluding to it in their work. Alternatively, an artist can be forthright with their ideals as would have been the case for people such as the Dadaists. In any case, artists are able to support a lot more than just beauty in their work, andRead MoreDifferences Between Class, Religion And Politics1500 Words   |  6 Pagesrange of people. Technology such as loud speakers, radio and film were used to show these very same ideologies. In September 1933, The Reichskulturekammer (Reich Culture Chamber) was established and led by Goebbels. The seven sub chambers of fine arts, music, theater, the press, the radio, literature, and films was established. Only artists that complied with Nazi ideology was able to become members and be active in the cultural community. bBY 1935, the Reich Culture Chamber had 100,000 members

Should I Stay With A Man Who Won t Commit - 967 Words

Should I stay with a man who won’t commit? Many women find themselves involved with somebody who they like a great deal, but there isn’t a relationship in sight. They’ve either expressed this to you or its probably come up from a discussion. Although, this QA is targeted at women interested in men, my advice is still universally applicable. So, I’d like to jump right into a few common lines that you may be hear when in the throes of someone who is commitment resistant. I just want to have fun right now. â€Å"I just want to see where it goes.† I’m not sure I see a future with you. I m not looking for a long term relationship. While the particulars may vary, the core meaning of these lines is the same: what you want is not what they want. There are a variety of potential reasons for this. 1. They may have unresolved emotional baggage from a prior relationship 2. They may have differing views on love and sex 3. They may have spotted potential dealbreakers that make them hesistant 4. They may have an avoidant or ambivalent attachement style 5. They may simply not be interested Many people become emotionally scarred at some point in their dating life. Odds are you may become involved with someone who has these issues. Emotional trauma is very real, and if the guy you re interested in still has fresh wounds he may hesitate to trust again. Moreover, he may still fantasize about his ex, stalk her facebook, or open to reconciliation with her. It sShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Not A Justifiable Or Moral Punishment1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe car crash, causes Dick to act impulsively. As a result, Dick is unable to maintain relationships with others and acts on impulse, without thought of consequences. Recounting his sickness after the crash, Dick states, â€Å"I would hemorrhage at the nose and left ear†¦.Not long ago I had a piece of glass work out of my head. It came out the corner of my eye.† Coming from behind the eye, the piece of glass would have been lodged in the frontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for logical decisionR ead MoreFederal Law And State Law1253 Words   |  6 PagesJurisdictions The real issue in criminal subject jurisdiction is whether the charges should be pursued by federal or state law. In the event that the charges affirm an infringement of federal Criminal Law, the respondent will be attempted in a federal court that is situated in the state in which the offense was perpetrated. In the event that the charges affirm an infringement of state law, the respondent will confront arraignment in a trial court that has jurisdiction over the territory in whichRead MoreThe Social Value Of Modeling1396 Words   |  6 Pagesmodeling Genuine role models are the individuals who have the qualities that we might want to have and the individuals who have influenced us in a way that improves our longing to be finer human beings. To advocate for ourselves and our objectives and take control over the issues that we have confidence in. We frequently don t perceive our real leaders until we have seen our very own development and advancement. My experience happened about 5 years ago. I was having a 13th birthday party with a few friendsRead MoreSpeech On Lady Felon Has Made Mistakes1143 Words   |  5 Pagesway to you today because thru out this journey I ve been venturing alone I fortunately asked Google the right question, browsed the Internet tapping in the direction to find you, or possibly just a higher power. Whatever it was that has lead me to this path I m taking my opportunity to finally find someone who can guide me in the direction I needed to be in months possibly years ago. My name is Kandy, I am as of 01/06/2015 convicted felon Ãâ€"7, I by the grace of God was fortunate enough to be blessedRead MoreCold Blood By Truman Capote1322 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore I taped him, Mr. Clutter asked me—and these were his last words—wanted to know how his wife was, if she was all right, and I said she was fine, she was ready to go to sleep, and I told him it wasn’t long till morning, and how in the morning somebody would find them, and then all of it, me and Dick and all, would seem like something they dreamed. I wasn’t kidding him. I didn’t want to harm the man. I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Soft-spoken. I thought so right up to the moment I cut hisRead MoreThe Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath1105 Words   |  5 Pageskill herself multiple times. Her life was planned by the society, and she was pressured into fitting in with others. Esther’s mental problems took over her life, and caused her to lose out on her teen y ears. She was a successful college student, who won scholarships, and was working at a fashion magazine. However, she went through many events that caused her to accept suicide as a way of running away from her problems. In the novel The Bell Jar, by Sylvia Plath, Esther’s mental illness began to haveRead MoreOur Values Are What Defines Us It’S An Integral Part Of1713 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause it chooses the destiny for men, women, and children in the Umuofia clan. Although, some of these cultural practices may be highly unacceptable in the Western cultures may be acceptable in some cultures. For example, â€Å"The medicine man then ordered that there should be no mourning for the dead child. He brought out a sharp razor from the goatskin bag slung over his left shoulder and began to mutilate the child. Then he took it away to bury in the Evil Forest, holding it by the ankle and draggingRead MoreWhy Has The Divorce Rate Of The Uk Change Over The Past 30 Years?118 1 Words   |  5 Pagesmade between two people who commit their lives to each other. When a couple gets married, they make an oath to each other to be together for an eternity. A divorce is when you legally end a marriage and the promises made to each other in the marriage ceremony. There are many factors that contributes to the divorce rate in the UK. The divorce rate has changed in the UK over the past 40 years. When a married couple realized that things are getting harder or finds another person who is more attractive thanRead MoreAnalysis Of Antigone By Sophocles1408 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Antigone Throughout the course of human existence, there has been a clear division line that defines the gender roles that have been followed. History has taught us many things and included within that list is inequality. Men and women haven t been treated equality for many years in the past, but the good thing is that now, women have at least a little bit more justice done towards them. Although throughout time in recorded history, women have shown and proved not only through words but mostRead MoreFidelity Is Not A Sense Of Fidelity2126 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom marital myths, that in turn can cause a partner to commit acts of adultery. This happened directly with the character John from The Miller’s Tale, he may have thought his marriage was okay, but really his wife was sneaking around behind his back. â€Å"While it is true that some sexually frustrated husbands or wives may seek from other what they cannot obtain from their spouse, a disparity in sexual appetite is only one rea son why people commit adultery.† There are many other reasons why people cheat

Review Of Mk Ultra Exposed All Across The World Wild

MK-Ultra Exposed All across the world wild, stories of mind control have been a popular theme in comics, television, and books. Stories of coercion- to do unspeakable things to themselves and loved ones- is present in many science fiction sources of entertainment. Scarily, it’s not just fiction. Years ago, conspiracies of the government conducting mind control experiments seemed to be a terrifying rumor. Recently, the public, including myself, has learned that this not just a rumour. Money from the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) was being used to fund experiments to perform mind control. People were becoming lab rats forced to do as the government wished. This terrifying reality was all happening under noses. Needless to say, this†¦show more content†¦More information, such as why it became public, also seemed to be necessary. At first, my goal was to get a general understanding of the experiments. Beginning with a simple search of MK-Ultra, I found much a lot inf ormation on my subject. Sadly, most of the information was blocked from the school leading to a lot of at home studying on the topic. Studying dark government secrets did not seem to be a goal for Freeburg Community High School’s curriculum. Next came a surprisingly easy part, I had decide my overall goal of what I wanted to learn about MK-Ultra. However, it broke down into two parts that, personally, seemed most important. First, I was curious on how the were able to successfully control another’s mind. Second, knowledge on the victims needed to be learned- such as why they were chosen, what tasks they did during mind control, and what became of them. Finding stories of the victims was the most challenging since it was so heavily blocked. Furthermore, the internet had an abundance of information on this topic. Many articles, book excerpts, and old newspaper pages helped me find what I needed. Unfortunately, a large portion of the articles were simply articles stating that happened. Knowing that it had happened had no longer become my goal. My goal was to really understand how this happened and what happened to the victims. Google had become like a teacher that answers every question but the one I

Glacier Melt Free Essays

string(55) " attachment and desire for material and social status\." This presents a significant dilemma to both the local populations that depend on seasonal melt eater from the glaciers, and to billions of people in adjacent plateaus whose rivers are directly fed from said glaciers. This also creates a difficult moral predicament for the industrialized countries that are largely to blame due to their high contribution of greenhouse gases. These mountain populations have had very little impact in comparison, yet they stand to suffer the most since they generally do not posses the resources to cope with such a major potential water shortage In their remote locations. We will write a custom essay sample on Glacier Melt or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, in principle, heavily industrialized economies will be responsible for telling a basic human right, freshwater, from these people. This paper will analyze in detail the extent of the damage the melting of these glaciers could have and the necessary response needed by the global community to address climate change. In particular, I will examine the potential effect the proliferation of Buddhism could have In addressing these problems on a global scale and in considering our own responsibility to the planet. We find that through Buddhism a transformation could be made away from the modern consumerist culture, and a greater sense of obligation to the environment could be instilled, but to suggest that the religion is inherently the solution to our ecological crisis would be illegitimate. By 2000 there were more than 1. 1 billion people Inhabiting mountainous regions across the world, with approximately 90% of this population living In developing and translator countries that are vulnerable to food and water Insecurity. For the purpose of this essay I will focus on the Himalayas and adjacent ranges, a primarily Buddhist area that is the most extensively inhabited range above mm in the worlds. A combination of poverty and remoteness make this region an already official place to live with poor medical support and available education systems. Cities and villages throughout the Himalayas depend heavily on their natural environment for their economies and livelihood. In particular Inhabitants of Nepal face widespread poverty with the World Bank estimating that 82. % of the population lives on less then $2 per day. The poverty index for rural areas that depend on subsistence agriculture is much lower than those in urban towns who benefit from tourism. A heavy dependence on these two sectors â€Å"make Napalm’s economy very sensitive to climate variability’2. Nevertheless freshwater has almost always been abundant In the past. The southeasterly monsoon system provides approximately While fee ding the rivers, the monsoons also play a pivotal role in growing the glaciers as it falls as solid precipitation at higher elevations. These glaciers become massive reservoirs of freshwater that then become integral in providing a perennial water source during the dry winter months. They also act to regulate the water runoff from the mountain to the plains during these periods, and are thus instrumental in securing agricultural productivity and the livelihoods for millions of peoples. Should climate change continue along its forecasted trend and widespread degeneration occur the consequences will be widespread. Rising temperatures will continue to result in snow melting earlier and faster in the spring shifting the timing and distribution of the runoff. The projections show â€Å"a regression of the maximum stream-flow period in the annual cycle of approximately 30 days†2, with an increase in the glacial runoff during the shortened period of 33% to 38%2. This excessive melting will likely result in flash floods, and increase the unique risk of glacial lake outbursts in the region. Glacial lakes form at the lower altitude end of a glacier as it retreats in unstable mounds of deposited rock. If sudden floods occur there is a high risk of these natural dams collapsing resulting in excessive damaged. The consequences will, however, not be limited to the mountain communities. Across the adjacent plateau hundreds of millions of people depend on major rivers such as the Ganges, Yawning, and Indus, which are all fed by these glaciers. During the dry season the â€Å"low flow contribution of Naples rivers to the Ganges could be as high as 70%†4. While in China, 23% of the population resides in the western regions where Alicia melt provides the principal dry season source or waters. Widespread degeneration will completely alter the hydrological characteristics of these rivers. Complications will be diverse. Power shortages could become common due to the lack of hydro-generated electricity. There will be major health risks from disease and lack of water and food, and a completely altered ecosystem, as the changes in stream flow will change food chains from the basic insects and invertebrates pup. For many of these land-locked countries that are isolated in rugged terrain providing aid will be difficult and costly. Changes are needed now on the world stage to prevent such a situation from developing. In dealing with our current ecological crisis, and in particular climate change, it is fundamental that we first address the problem from its root source. Anthropogenic climate change has occurred as a direct result of our burning of fossil fuels to promote the growth of a consumer based economy. Our consumption levels per capita, and especially in industrialized nations, are way above sustainable levels. We eat too much, we buy too much that we eventually throw into garbage landfills, and e use too much energy through a variety of manufacturing processes. It is in this regard that an adoption of Buddhist principles would benefit the world. Buddha, originally known as Shattered Guatemala, personifies this ideal of limiting consumption. He was a prince who left home and rejected his material riches when he was 29 in search of true enlightenment. Buddhism views the western consumer- based economy and outlook on happiness as incorrect. Instead the religion states accumulation is actually a source of suffering†6. According to the latter two of the Noble Truths, the best way for a person to escape their suffering is to free themselves from any attachment and desire for material and social status. You read "Glacier Melt" in category "Papers" Along with the four Noble Truths and the Eight-Fold path, the teachings of Buddha often contain an element of the need to escape greed. In the realms of rebirth it is thought one can be born below a human as a Pretax, or hungry ghosts . These beings could be seen as those overcome with greed, and who can never satisfy their need to consume. Many echo-Buddhists would associate this thought to the state of consumerism that has grasped so much of the world. Thus Buddhism is fundamentally opposite to the positive correlation associated between economic output and welfare as adopted in mainstream Western thought. One of the most difficult aspects in addressing the challenges climate change brings is generating a feeling of responsibility. In many monastic rules there is no offence if a person’s action was â€Å"unintentional, for one who lacks mindfulness†7. This is the case for much of the developed world. Many people go along with their daily lives without much thought to the consequences. Burning fossil fuel seems innocuous, however there are major consequences. By living in this manner we become responsible for the degeneration and resulting effects. The main offence being that by unintentionally melting the glaciers we are depriving other people of a basic human right and necessity: access to clean freshwater. Buddhism excuses offences if performed through absentmindedness, such as using water with life forms to nourish plants. What is more important is the root of the deed, in this case being greed for a materialistic and comfortable life. As the Threading monk Euthanasia explains, there are unintentional acts with damaging consequences that expose carelessness and lack of circumspection in areas where a person may reasonably be held responsible†7. We are not intentionally melting the glaciers and depriving people of a basic human right, it is an unintentional byproduct of our industrial activity. However the lack of awareness and mindfulness shown by industrialized economies puts us at fault, and provides us with a responsibility to change and aid those we have harmed. Particularly in this age when so many of the effects of climate change are widely broadcasted to the public, living the same style of lives becomes inexcusable. We are no longer mindless but instead bystanders. It is in this field that Buddhist thought is important to instill a sense of wrongdoing and thus responsibility in the public. Buddhist texts often depict how our morality influences the state of the environment, and that humans cannot ignore the affect of their actions. The Goanna Status gives a depiction of the initial development of life, with divine beings falling from their prior state. These beings over consume from their environment and become lazy in a very similar manner to humans. They learn to value possession and the beautiful beings become conceited and arrogant. They consume more and more from the earth making their environment less fruitful. They are not intentionally harming the earth but their actions brought upon by greed and laziness brings them suffering. Other annoyed. Often as a reaction the stars will â€Å"go wrong in their course† and the wind will â€Å"blow wrong, out of season†7. In light of climate change this view has backing. Many Buddhists believe that the world has seen a â€Å"gradual decline in morality and spirituality’7. Whilst this does not address the problem directly it does examine that the root of the crisis is from our moral orientation. So often societies are fixated on the ideology of progress through economic developments. This entails a promotion of consumerism and in turn production, which puts a strain on the environment. Society encourages the idea that those who are able to consume at the highest material value are deemed to have achieved success. In particular Buddhism would condone this view and the morals people adopt to achieve this material wealth. Buddha himself states that it is only by â€Å"the destruction of these, the not lusting for these, it is by the cessation of, the giving up of, the utter surrender of these things hat the heart is called fully freed†3. A change in morals and outlook away from economic growth towards a principle such as Gross National Happiness as adopted in Bhutan would arguably put less emphasis on sheer production and less strain on the natural world. Along with its condemnation of consumerism, and approach to responsibility and moral code, a fundamental component of Buddhism that can aid the world in reforming its practices is its ideal of interdependence. We have made the mistake of separating from each other, and most importantly from the natural world that sustain us. As Stephen Batcher puts it â€Å"we fail to recognize them for what they are: part of us as we are of them†7. Throughout Buddhist texts there is a constant theme of this relationship. At the physical level there is the idea that we all survive through an exchange of the four basic elements: earth, fire, water, and air. Thus promoting respect for the components we depend on. On the spiritual level it is believed that through the â€Å"process of taking birth, one is kin to all wild and domestic animals, birds, and beings born of the womb†l . Buddhism shows a greater level of appreciation for all that is Samara and the importance of the connection between all living things. This is exemplified in the Wadded Stark in which the danger of disrupting the natural order of an ecosystem is embodied. The Jungle cats over consumed and brought an imbalance to the ecosystem, which was subsequently corrected by the trees . However humans then cut down the trees without a full understanding of the implications. This is a valuable lesson and principle to be adopted. It emphasizes how important it is to recognize our dependence on the environment and how removing or altering one component can bring the entire yester out of harmony. We see this in the relationship with carbon dioxide concentrations and the diverse implications including the melting glaciers. A greater appreciation for the connection between humans and the earth’s systems would theoretically lead to more responsible stewardship of our resources and for other life. Theoretically a society that embraced Buddhism in its’ reformation of social and economic institutions and beliefs would â€Å"greatly reduce the drivers that currently religion is the answer is simply the easy way out that would avoid direct confrontation with the problems we have created. Buddha middle path is a good starting place for the changes needed too address the roots of climate change, however there are components of the ideology that would hamper progress and environmental action. Fundamentally, Buddhism â€Å"Nirvana teleology’8 makes major environmental concern seem pointless. If the focus for a Buddhist is to achieve enlightenment and be liberated from Samara then it is possible that there will be an absence of concern for tit. This impermanence could â€Å"render the world devoid of sustainability’8 and leave us carefree from the challenges we face such as dealing with degeneration. Furthermore, as mentioned previously, one of the central principles of Buddhism is to free oneself from attachment. This largely applies to material wealth but would not be beneficial when we are in need of greater attachment to the natural world. This attachment cannot Just be to the financial value of resources, but to entire ecosystems and all beings even if they don’t directly benefit us. Throughout Buddhism ideologies arise pertaining to our interconnectedness and responsibility to nature, but the religion is more concerned with its instrumental value rather than purely its intrinsic . Nature is often thought of as a tool and the best setting for one to attain enlightenment. Many of the religion’s most famous figures have searched for enlightenment in nature’s most spectacular locations, such as Para Tasting in Bhutan. Conversely our view of nature as an instrument from which to benefit from is arguably a primary source for our current situation. Therefore one cannot claim Buddhism is inherently echo-friendly. The disappearance of Himalayan glaciers is one of a number of serious issues threatening our planet as a direct result of anthropogenic climate change. The science has become too irrefutable and the knowledge has been broadcasted so biblically that we have the moral obligation to reform our social and economic organizations. As the Dalai Lama explains â€Å"human use, population, and technology have reached that certain stage where Mother Earth no longer accepts our presence with silence†7. In providing a solution, an adoption of Buddhist ethics would be beneficial in shaping our root beliefs towards a lack of attachment to material wealth, responsibility to the environment, and interconnectedness with all beings of this planet. However the principles of the religion are not enough since it places too much of an emphasis on detachment and pacifism. How to cite Glacier Melt, Papers

Cult of Hera free essay sample

Cult of Hera Olympia Hera, queen of the gods, also known as the goddess of the sky, women, and marriage. She has many cults in Greece and is highly worshipped. I am going to focus on her oldest cult, which resides in Olympia. The cult was constructed around 600 BC, in fact it is the oldest temple in Greece. The style of the temple is peripteral hexastyle with six columns on the front and back and sixteen on both sides comprising pronaos, calla and optistodomos. The columns are a little over 15 feet. Originally these columns were made of wood and were gradually replaced by stone. The temple was thought in earlier times to have been dedicated to Zeus and Hera. When the temple of Zeus was completed it was officially only the cult of Hera. There is still an image of Zeus in her temple. In the cella there is Hera seated on a throne and Zeus is standing beside her wearing a beard and an helmet on his head. We will write a custom essay sample on Cult of Hera or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only the head of Hera remains. There is also an image of Athena with an helmet on her head as ell as Zeus, carrying a spear and shield. The image of Hesperides was removed out the cult by the Eleans. The people of Megara built a treasury and dedicated offerings in it. The offerings were cedar white figurines inlaid with gold, represented Herakles fight with Acheloos. Other items important to the ancient Greek, such as, Iphitus bronze disk and a carved ivory chest hidden by cypselos, were believe to have been stored in the temple. In later years the cult housed the famous Hermes of Praxiteles. The cult stood for almost a thousand years, until about 300 A. D. References JSTOR: The annual of the British school, Vol. 90 Gate to Greece: Guide to Greece: Peloponnese: Olympia Temple of Hera Heraion Cult of Hera 1: Ancient Greek religion